Chapter 22 Review

A substance formed from the ionic bond of a metal with a nonmetal.

The chemical bond that binds metallic ions to nonmetallic ions by electrical attraction.

A characteristic of ionic substances, such as salts, that readily shatter when struck a sharp blow.

A material that contains ions when dissolved or molten to produce an electrically conductive medium.

A charged atom or molecule with unequal numbers of protons and electrons formed by losing or gaining electrons.

Salts readily transmit light, so they are said to have this property.

Salts can easily be flattened or reshaped.

True False

Ionic compounds have extremely low melting temperatures.

True False

Molten salts are ionic conductors.

True False

Metals easily lose electrons.

True False

A salt is electrically neutral.

True False

Electrons like to go to the highest energy condition available to them.

True False

The atomic orbitals for potassium (K) and bromine (Br) are similar to those for sodium and chlorine. However they differ in that the potassium and bromine atomic orbitals are higher in energy than their counterparts. Why is this?

K and Br valence electrons are closer on average to their nucleus than Na and Cl valence electrons. K and Br valence electrons experience a stronger attraction to their nucleus because of a larger atomic volume and smaller nuclear charge. K and Br valence electrons experience a stronger attraction to their nucleus because of smaller atomic volume and increases nuclear charge. K and Br valence electrons experience a weaker attraction for their nucleus because there are fewer positively charged protons. K and Br valence electrons experience a weaker attraction for their nucleus because they are farther from the nucleus and have more electrons in the lower shells.

Strontium is a metal found on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table. Using the Periodic Table, determine the ion most likely to form from this metal

Sr (No charge) Sr⁺¹ Sr⁺² Sr⁺³

Phosphorous is a non-metal found on the right hand side of the Periodic Table. Using the Periodic Table, determine the ion that would most likely form from this non-metal

P^-1 P^-2 P^-3 P^-4

Aluminum chloride is an ionic compound with a formula of AlCl₃. Which of the following statements is true about the compound?

A chlorine atom must be one third the size of an aluminum atom so the atoms in the compound can pack correctly. Electrostatic forces are impeded by the excess of chorine atoms, so the bonding structure for AlCl₃ is slightly weaker than for a typical 1:1 ratio compound. Al ions are larger than the Cl ions. The ions will arrange themselves in the most energetically favorable arrangements with ions of one charge surrounded by ions of the opposite charge.

The correct formula for sodium chloride is:

Na₂Cl NaCl₂ NaCl AlO

The oxidation state of an atom is determined by

The number of electrons gained or lost when an ionic bond is formed The number of oxides that can be formed The number of bonds formed in a ionic bond The shell that the valence electrons occupy

Which of the following is a correct and balanced equation showing the reaction of calcium and oxygen? (While several of the equations may be balanced, only one has the correct products and reactants as well as being correctly balanced.)

Ca + O₂ = CaO Ca + O₂ = CaO₂ 2Ca + O₂ = 2CaO 4Ca + O₂ = 2Ca₂O Ca + O₂ = Ca₂O

Which of the following is an ionic compound?

O₂ NH₃ MgF₂ CO₂

What is the charge of iron (Fe) in the compound Fe₂O₃?

-3 -2 +2 +3

Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a

ion particle mineral non-metal

How many more electrons does unbound oxygen need to fill its 2nd shell? (You may find it helpful to draw the energy well on scratch paper.)

1 2 6 8 None, the 2nd shell is full.

Which of the following would best describe the room temperature characteristics of ionic substance?

The elements listed are very unlikely to react with one another. Electrically conducting alloy. Transparent gas. A malleable solid. Brittle, non-conducting solid with high melting points.

Which of the following would best describe the room temperature characteristics of the substance that results from the reaction of potassium and bromine?

The elements listed are very unlikely to react with one another. Electrically conducting alloy. Transparent gas. A malleable solid. Brittle, transparent, electrically non-conducting solid.

What happens to the valence electrons as an ionic compound is formed?

They move to higher energy orbitals. The metal atoms' valence electrons are given to the non-metal. The non-metal atoms' valence electrons given to the metal. The electrons are shared equally between the atoms. The electrons are lost leaving the atoms as ions.

What happens to the valence electrons when an ionic compound is formed?

They typically end up with more energy. They typically end up with less energy. They end up with exactly the same energy.

What happens to the entropy of the universe as the products are formed in an exothermic chemical reaction?

The total entropy stays the same. Thermal energy is converted into electromagnetic energy resulting in a decrease in total entropy. Chemical bonds are formed resulting in a decrease in total entropy. Chemical potential energy is converted into kinetic energy resulting in a decrease in entropy. Chemical potential energy is converted into thermal energy resulting in an increase in entropy.

Chapter 22 Review

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